Kode ASCII, BCD, BCDIC, EBCDIC, BAUDOT

ASCII Kode

Kode Standar Amerika untuk Pertukaran Informasi atau ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) merupakan suatu standar internasional dalam kode huruf dan simbol seperti Hex dan Unicode tetapi ASCII lebih bersifat universal, contohnya 124 adalah untuk karakter "|". Ia selalu digunakan oleh komputer dan alat komunikasi lain untuk menunjukkan teks. Kode ASCII sebenarnya memiliki komposisi bilangan biner sebanyak 8 bit. Dimulai dari 0000 0000 hingga 1111 1111. Total kombinasi yang dihasilkan sebanyak 256, dimulai dari kode 0 hingga 255 dalam sistem bilangan Desimal.

Kode ASCII 7 bit (8 kolom) dengan nilai MSB = 0

Tabel Karakter ASCII

Tabel berikut berisi karakter-karakter ASCII . Dalam sistem operasi Windows dan MS-DOS, pengguna dapat menggunakan karakter ASCII dengan menekan tombol Alt+[nomor nilai ANSI (desimal)]. Sebagai contoh, tekan kombinasi tombol Alt+87 untuk karakter huruf latin "W" kapital.

Karakter	Nilai Unicode (heksadesimal)	Nilai ANSI ASCII (desimal)	Keterangan
NUL	0000	0	Null (tidak tampak)
SOH	0001	1	Start of heading (tidak tampak)
STX	0002	2	Start of text (tidak tampak)
ETX	0003	3	End of text (tidak tampak)
EOT	0004	4	End of transmission (tidak tampak)
ENQ	0005	5	Enquiry (tidak tampak)
ACK	0006	6	Acknowledge (tidak tampak)
BEL	0007	7	Bell (tidak tampak)
BS	0008	8	Menghapus satu karakter di belakang kursor (Backspace)
HT	0009	9	Horizontal tabulation
LF	000A	10	Pergantian baris (Line feed)
VT	000B	11	Tabulasi vertikal
FF	000C	12	Pergantian baris (Form feed)
CR	000D	13	Pergantian baris (carriage return)
SO	000E	14	Shift out (tidak tampak)
SI	000F	15	Shift in (tidak tampak)
DLE	0010	16	Data link escape (tidak tampak)
DC1	0011	17	Device control 1 (tidak tampak)
DC2	0012	18	Device control 2 (tidak tampak)
DC3	0013	19	Device control 3 (tidak tampak)
DC4	0014	20	Device control 4 (tidak tampak)
NAK	0015	21	Negative acknowledge (tidak tampak)
SYN	0016	22	Synchronous idle (tidak tampak)
ETB	0017	23	End of transmission block (tidak tampak)
CAN	0018	24	Cancel (tidak tampak)
EM	0019	25	End of medium (tidak tampak)
SUB	001A	26	Substitute (tidak tampak)
ESC	001B	27	Escape (tidak tampak)
FS	001C	28	File separator
GS	001D	29	Group separator
RS	001E	30	Record separator
US	001F	31	Unit separator
SP	0020	32	Spasi
!	0021	33	Tanda seru (exclamation)
"	0022	34	Tanda kutip dua
#	0023	35	Tanda pagar (kres)
$	0024	36	Tanda mata uang dolar
%	0025	37	Tanda persen
&	0026	38	Karakter ampersand (&)
‘	0027	39	Karakter Apostrof
(	0028	40	Tanda kurung buka
)	0029	41	Tanda kurung tutup
*	002A	42	Karakter asterisk (bintang)
+	002B	43	Tanda tambah (plus)
,	002C	44	Karakter koma
-	002D	45	Karakter hyphen (strip)
.	002E	46	Tanda titik
/	002F	47	Garis miring (slash)
0	0030	48	Angka nol
1	0031	49	Angka satu
2	0032	50	Angka dua
3	0033	51	Angka tiga
4	0034	52	Angka empat
5	0035	53	Angka lima
6	0036	54	Angka enam
7	0037	55	Angka tujuh
8	0038	56	Angka delapan
9	0039	57	Angka sembilan
:	003A	58	Tanda titik dua
;	003B	59	Tanda titik koma
<	003C	60	Tanda lebih kecil
=	003D	61	Tanda sama dengan
>	003E	62	Tanda lebih besar
?	003F	63	Tanda tanya
@	0040	64	A keong (@)
A	0041	65	Huruf latin A kapital
B	0042	66	Huruf latin B kapital
C	0043	67	Huruf latin C kapital
D	0044	68	Huruf latin D kapital
E	0045	69	Huruf latin E kapital
F	0046	70	Huruf latin F kapital
G	0047	71	Huruf latin G kapital
H	0048	72	Huruf latin H kapital
I	0049	73	Huruf latin I kapital
J	004A	74	Huruf latin J kapital
K	004B	75	Huruf latin K kapital
L	004C	76	Huruf latin L kapital
M	004D	77	Huruf latin M kapital
N	004E	78	Huruf latin N kapital
O	004F	79	Huruf latin O kapital
P	0050	80	Huruf latin P kapital
Q	0051	81	Huruf latin Q kapital
R	0052	82	Huruf latin R kapital
S	0053	83	Huruf latin S kapital
T	0054	84	Huruf latin T kapital
U	0055	85	Huruf latin U kapital
V	0056	86	Huruf latin V kapital
W	0057	87	Huruf latin W kapital
X	0058	88	Huruf latin X kapital
Y	0059	89	Huruf latin Y kapital
Z	005A	90	Huruf latin Z kapital
[	005B	91	Kurung siku kiri
\	005C	92	Garis miring terbalik (backslash)
]	005D	93	Kurung sikur kanan
^	005E	94	Tanda pangkat
_	005F	95	Garis bawah (underscore)
`	0060	96	Tanda petik satu
a	0061	97	Huruf latin a kecil
b	0062	98	Huruf latin b kecil
c	0063	99	Huruf latin c kecil
d	0064	100	Huruf latin d kecil
e	0065	101	Huruf latin e kecil
f	0066	102	Huruf latin f kecil f
g	0067	103	Huruf latin g kecil
h	0068	104	Huruf latin h kecil
i	0069	105	Huruf latin i kecil
j	006A	106	Huruf latin j kecil
k	006B	107	Huruf latin k kecil
l	006C	108	Huruf latin l kecil
m	006D	109	Huruf latin m kecil
n	006E	110	Huruf latin n kecil
o	006F	111	Huruf latin o kecil
p	0070	112	Huruf latin p kecil
q	0071	113	Huruf latin q kecil
r	0072	114	Huruf latin r kecil
s	0073	115	Huruf latin s kecil
t	0074	116	Huruf latin t kecil
u	0075	117	Huruf latin u kecil
v	0076	118	Huruf latin v kecil
w	0077	119	Huruf latin w kecil
x	0078	120	Huruf latin x kecil
y	0079	121	Huruf latin y kecil
z	007A	122	Huruf latin z kecil
{	007B	123	Kurung kurawal buka
¦	007C	124	Garis vertikal (pipa)
}	007D	125	Kurung kurawal tutup
~	007E	126	Karakter gelombang (tilde)
DEL	007F	127	Delete
	0080	128	Dicadangkan
	0081	129	Dicadangkan
	0082	130	Dicadangkan
	0083	131	Dicadangkan
IND	0084	132	Index
NEL	0085	133	Next line
SSA	0086	134	Start of selected area
ESA	0087	135	End of selected area
	0088	136	Character tabulation set
	0089	137	Character tabulation with justification
	008A	138	Line tabulation set
PLD	008B	139	Partial line down
PLU	008C	140	Partial line up
	008D	141	Reverse line feed
SS2	008E	142	Single shift two
SS3	008F	143	Single shift three
DCS	0090	144	Device control string
PU1	0091	145	Private use one
PU2	0092	146	Private use two
STS	0093	147	Set transmit state
CCH	0094	148	Cancel character
MW	0095	149	Message waiting
	0096	150	Start of guarded area
	0097	151	End of guarded area
	0098	152	Start of string
	0099	153	Dicadangkan
	009A	154	Single character introducer
CSI	009B	155	Control sequence introducer
ST	009C	156	String terminator
OSC	009D	157	Operating system command
PM	009E	158	Privacy message
APC	009F	158	Application program command
	00A0	160	Spasi yang bukan pemisah kata
¡	00A1	161	Tanda seru terbalik
¢	00A2	162	Tanda sen (Cent)
£	00A3	163	Tanda Poundsterling
¤	00A4	164	Tanda mata uang (Currency)
¥	00A5	165	Tanda Yen
¦	00A6	166	Garis tegak putus-putus (broken bar)
§	00A7	167	Section sign
¨	00A8	168	Diaeresis
©	00A9	169	Tanda hak cipta (Copyright)
ª	00AA	170	Feminine ordinal indicator
«	00AB	171	Left-pointing double angle quotation mark
¬	00AC	172	Not sign
­	00AD	173	Tanda strip (hyphen)
®	00AE	174	Tanda merk terdaftar
¯	00AF	175	Macron
°	00B0	176	Tanda derajat
±	00B1	177	Tanda kurang lebih (plus-minus)
²	00B2	178	Tanda kuadrat (pangkat dua)
³	00B3	179	Tanda kubik (pangkat tiga)
´	00B4	180	Acute accent
µ	00B5	181	Micro sign
¶	00B6	182	Pilcrow sign
·	00B7	183	Middle dot

BCD Kode

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD or "8421" BCD) numbers are made up using just 4 data bits (a nibble or half a byte) similar to the Hexadecimal numbers we saw in the binary tutorial, but unlike hexadecimal numbers that range in full from 0 through to F, BCD numbers only range from 0 to 9, with the binary number patterns of 1010 through to 1111 (A to F) being invalid inputs for this type of display and so are not used as shown below.

Decimal Binary Pattern BCD 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 1 1 3 4 0 1 0 0 4 5 0 1 0 1 5 6 0 1 1 0 6 7 0 1 1 1 7		Decimal Binary Pattern BCD 8 4 2 1 8 1 0 0 0 8 9 1 0 0 1 9 10 1 0 1 0 Invalid 11 1 0 1 1 Invalid 12 1 1 0 0 Invalid 13 1 1 0 1 Invalid 14 1 1 1 0 Invalid 15 1 1 1 1 Invalid

BCD to 7-Segment Display Decoders

A binary coded decimal (BCD) to 7-segment display decoder such as the TTL 74LS47 or 74LS48, have 4 BCD inputs and 7 output lines, one for each LED segment. This allows a smaller 4-bit binary number (half a byte) to be used to display all the denary numbers from 0 to 9 and by adding two displays together, a full range of numbers from 00 to 99 can be displayed with just a single byte of 8 data bits.

BCD to 7-Segment Decoder

The use of packed BCD allows two BCD digits to be stored within a single byte (8-bits) of data, allowing a single data byte to hold a BCD number in the range of 00 to 99.

An example of the 4-bit BCD input (0100) representing the number 4 is given below.

Example No1

In practice current limiting resistors of about 150Ω to 220Ω would be connected in series between the decoder/driver chip and each LED display segment to limit the maximum current flow. Different display decoders or drivers are available for the different types of display available, e.g. 74LS48 for common-cathode LED types, 74LS47 for common-anode LED types, or the CMOS CD4543 for liquid crystal display (LCD) types.

Liquid crystal displays (LCD´s) have one major advantage over similar LED types in that they consume much less power and nowadays, both LCD and LED displays are combined together to form larger Dot-Matrix Alphanumeric type displays which can show letters and characters as well as numbers in standard Red or Tri-colour outputs.

BCDIC Kode

EBCDIC Kode 
ASCII is not the only format in use out there. IBM adopted EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) developed for punched cards in the early 1960s and still uses it on mainframes today. It is probably the next most well known character set due to the proliferation of IBM mainframes. It comes in at least six slightly differing forms, so again here is the most common. 

 

 

BAUDOT Kode

This table presents a programmer's quick reference to the "Baudot" character set.

IMPORTANT NOTE: The code presented here is with reference to usage in the computer industry. The original, true, baudot code differs from that presented below. The following table presents CCITT Alphabet No 2 which was developed from Murray's code which was in turn developed from Baudot's code. Baudot's code was replaced by Murray's code in 1901. And ITA2 replaced both by the early 1930's, so virtually all "teletype" equipment made in the U.S. uses ITA2 or the U.S. national version of the code.

The 'baudot' code has been used extensively in telegraph systems. It is a five bit code invented by the Frenchman Emile Baudot in 1870. Using five bits allowed 32 different characters. To accomodate all the letters of the alphabet and numerals, two of the 32 combinations were used to select alternate character sets. The figures column is valid after a figures shift character has been received. It remains in effect until a letters shift is received, after which the letters column should be referred to (and vice-versa).

Two 'Baudot codes' are in common useage. The first as used in America. The second, used in Europe, is also termed the CCITT Alphabet No. 2. In each, the 'letters' are identical, but the 'figures' differ.

The five-bit words are bracketed by a start bit (space) and a stop bit (mark). Idling is shown by the 'marking' state. Words are transmitted LSB first.

Binary	Decimal	Hex	Octal	Letter	U.S. Figures	CCITT No.2 Figures
00000	0	0	0	N/A	N/A	N/A
00001	1	1	1	E	3	3
00010	2	2	2	LF	LF	LF
00011	3	3	3	A	-	-
00100	4	4	4	Space	Space	Space
00101	5	5	5	S	BELL	'
00110	6	6	6	I	8	8
00111	7	7	7	U	7	7
01000	8	8	10	CR	CR	CR
01001	9	9	11	D	$	WRU
01010	10	A	12	R	4	4
01011	11	B	13	J	'	Bell
01100	12	C	14	N	,	,
01101	13	D	15	F	!	!
01110	14	E	16	C	:	:
01111	15	F	17	K	(	(
10000	16	10	20	T	5	5
10001	17	11	21	Z	"	+
10010	18	12	22	L	)	)
10011	19	13	23	W	2	2
10100	20	14	24	H	#	£
10101	21	15	25	Y	6	6
10110	22	16	26	P	0	0
10111	23	17	27	Q	1	1
11000	24	18	30	O	9	9
11001	25	19	31	B	?	?
11010	26	1A	32	G	&	&
11011	27	1B	33	Figures Shift	Figures Shift	Figures Shift
11100	28	1C	34	M	.	.
11101	29	1D	35	X	/	/
11110	30	1E	36	V	;	=
11111	31	1F	37	Letters Shift	Letters Shift	Letters Shift