ASCII Kode
Kode Standar Amerika untuk Pertukaran Informasi atau ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) merupakan suatu standar internasional dalam kode huruf dan simbol seperti Hex dan Unicode tetapi ASCII lebih bersifat universal, contohnya 124 adalah untuk karakter "|". Ia selalu digunakan oleh komputer dan alat komunikasi lain untuk menunjukkan teks. Kode ASCII sebenarnya memiliki komposisi bilangan biner sebanyak 8 bit. Dimulai dari 0000 0000 hingga 1111 1111. Total kombinasi yang dihasilkan sebanyak 256, dimulai dari kode 0 hingga 255 dalam sistem bilangan Desimal.
Kode ASCII 7 bit (8 kolom) dengan nilai MSB = 0
Tabel Karakter ASCII
Tabel berikut berisi karakter-karakter ASCII . Dalam sistem operasi Windows dan MS-DOS, pengguna dapat menggunakan karakter ASCII dengan menekan tombol Alt+[nomor nilai ANSI (desimal)]. Sebagai contoh, tekan kombinasi tombol Alt+87 untuk karakter huruf latin "W" kapital.
Karakter | Nilai Unicode
(heksadesimal) | Nilai ANSI ASCII
(desimal) | Keterangan |
NUL | 0000 | | Null (tidak tampak) |
SOH | 0001 | | Start of heading (tidak tampak) |
STX | 0002 | | Start of text (tidak tampak) |
ETX | 0003 | | End of text (tidak tampak) |
EOT | 0004 | | End of transmission (tidak tampak) |
ENQ | 0005 | | Enquiry (tidak tampak) |
ACK | 0006 | | Acknowledge (tidak tampak) |
BEL | 0007 | | Bell (tidak tampak) |
BS | 0008 | | Menghapus satu karakter di belakang kursor (Backspace) |
HT | 0009 | | Horizontal tabulation |
LF | 000A | | Pergantian baris (Line feed) |
VT | 000B | | Tabulasi vertikal |
FF | 000C | | Pergantian baris (Form feed) |
CR | 000D | | Pergantian baris (carriage return) |
SO | 000E | | Shift out (tidak tampak) |
SI | 000F | | Shift in (tidak tampak) |
DLE | 0010 | | Data link escape (tidak tampak) |
DC1 | 0011 | | Device control 1 (tidak tampak) |
DC2 | 0012 | | Device control 2 (tidak tampak) |
DC3 | 0013 | | Device control 3 (tidak tampak) |
DC4 | 0014 | | Device control 4 (tidak tampak) |
NAK | 0015 | | Negative acknowledge (tidak tampak) |
SYN | 0016 | | Synchronous idle (tidak tampak) |
ETB | 0017 | | End of transmission block (tidak tampak) |
CAN | 0018 | | Cancel (tidak tampak) |
EM | 0019 | | End of medium (tidak tampak) |
SUB | 001A | | Substitute (tidak tampak) |
ESC | 001B | | Escape (tidak tampak) |
FS | 001C | | File separator |
GS | 001D | | Group separator |
RS | 001E | | Record separator |
US | 001F | | Unit separator |
SP | 0020 | | Spasi |
! | 0021 | 33 | Tanda seru (exclamation) |
" | 0022 | 34 | Tanda kutip dua |
# | 0023 | | Tanda pagar (kres) |
$ | 0024 | 36 | Tanda mata uang dolar |
% | 0025 | | Tanda persen |
& | 0026 | 38 | Karakter ampersand (&) |
‘ | 0027 | 39 | Karakter Apostrof |
( | 0028 | | Tanda kurung buka |
) | 0029 | 41 | Tanda kurung tutup |
* | 002A | | Karakter asterisk (bintang) |
+ | 002B | 43 | Tanda tambah (plus) |
, | 002C | | Karakter koma |
- | 002D | | Karakter hyphen (strip) |
. | 002E | 46 | Tanda titik |
/ | 002F | 47 | Garis miring (slash) |
0 | 0030 | | Angka nol |
1 | 0031 | | Angka satu |
2 | 0032 | | Angka dua |
3 | 0033 | | Angka tiga |
4 | 0034 | | Angka empat |
5 | 0035 | | Angka lima |
6 | 0036 | | Angka enam |
7 | 0037 | | Angka tujuh |
8 | 0038 | | Angka delapan |
9 | 0039 | | Angka sembilan |
: | 003A | | Tanda titik dua |
; | 003B | | Tanda titik koma |
< | 003C | | Tanda lebih kecil |
= | 003D | | Tanda sama dengan |
> | 003E | 62 | Tanda lebih besar |
? | 003F | 63 | Tanda tanya |
@ | 0040 | | A keong (@) |
A | 0041 | | Huruf latin A kapital |
B | 0042 | 66 | Huruf latin B kapital |
C | 0043 | 67 | Huruf latin C kapital |
D | 0044 | 68 | Huruf latin D kapital |
E | 0045 | 69 | Huruf latin E kapital |
F | 0046 | | Huruf latin F kapital |
G | 0047 | 71 | Huruf latin G kapital |
H | 0048 | 72 | Huruf latin H kapital |
I | 0049 | 73 | Huruf latin I kapital |
J | 004A | 74 | Huruf latin J kapital |
K | 004B | 75 | Huruf latin K kapital |
L | 004C | 76 | Huruf latin L kapital |
M | 004D | 77 | Huruf latin M kapital |
N | 004E | 78 | Huruf latin N kapital |
O | 004F | 79 | Huruf latin O kapital |
P | 0050 | 80 | Huruf latin P kapital |
Q | 0051 | 81 | Huruf latin Q kapital |
R | 0052 | 82 | Huruf latin R kapital |
S | 0053 | 83 | Huruf latin S kapital |
T | 0054 | 84 | Huruf latin T kapital |
U | 0055 | 85 | Huruf latin U kapital |
V | 0056 | 86 | Huruf latin V kapital |
W | 0057 | 87 | Huruf latin W kapital |
X | 0058 | 88 | Huruf latin X kapital |
Y | 0059 | 89 | Huruf latin Y kapital |
Z | 005A | 90 | Huruf latin Z kapital |
[ | 005B | 91 | Kurung siku kiri |
\ | 005C | 92 | Garis miring terbalik (backslash) |
] | 005D | 93 | Kurung sikur kanan |
^ | 005E | 94 | Tanda pangkat |
_ | 005F | 95 | Garis bawah (underscore) |
` | 0060 | 96 | Tanda petik satu |
a | 0061 | 97 | Huruf latin a kecil |
b | 0062 | 98 | Huruf latin b kecil |
c | 0063 | 99 | Huruf latin c kecil |
d | 0064 | 100 | Huruf latin d kecil |
e | 0065 | 101 | Huruf latin e kecil |
f | 0066 | 102 | Huruf latin f kecil f |
g | 0067 | 103 | Huruf latin g kecil |
h | 0068 | 104 | Huruf latin h kecil |
i | 0069 | 105 | Huruf latin i kecil |
j | 006A | 106 | Huruf latin j kecil |
k | 006B | 107 | Huruf latin k kecil |
l | 006C | 108 | Huruf latin l kecil |
m | 006D | 109 | Huruf latin m kecil |
n | 006E | 110 | Huruf latin n kecil |
o | 006F | 111 | Huruf latin o kecil |
p | 0070 | 112 | Huruf latin p kecil |
q | 0071 | 113 | Huruf latin q kecil |
r | 0072 | 114 | Huruf latin r kecil |
s | 0073 | 115 | Huruf latin s kecil |
t | 0074 | 116 | Huruf latin t kecil |
u | 0075 | 117 | Huruf latin u kecil |
v | 0076 | 118 | Huruf latin v kecil |
w | 0077 | 119 | Huruf latin w kecil |
x | 0078 | 120 | Huruf latin x kecil |
y | 0079 | 121 | Huruf latin y kecil |
z | 007A | 122 | Huruf latin z kecil |
{ | 007B | 123 | Kurung kurawal buka |
¦ | 007C | 124 | Garis vertikal (pipa) |
} | 007D | 125 | Kurung kurawal tutup |
~ | 007E | 126 | Karakter gelombang (tilde) |
DEL | 007F | 127 | Delete |
| 0080 | 128 | Dicadangkan |
| 0081 | 129 | Dicadangkan |
| 0082 | 130 | Dicadangkan |
| 0083 | 131 | Dicadangkan |
IND | 0084 | 132 | Index |
NEL | 0085 | 133 | Next line |
SSA | 0086 | 134 | Start of selected area |
ESA | 0087 | 135 | End of selected area |
| 0088 | 136 | Character tabulation set |
| 0089 | 137 | Character tabulation with justification |
| 008A | 138 | Line tabulation set |
PLD | 008B | 139 | Partial line down |
PLU | 008C | 140 | Partial line up |
| 008D | 141 | Reverse line feed |
SS2 | 008E | 142 | Single shift two |
SS3 | 008F | 143 | Single shift three |
DCS | 0090 | 144 | Device control string |
PU1 | 0091 | 145 | Private use one |
PU2 | 0092 | 146 | Private use two |
STS | 0093 | 147 | Set transmit state |
CCH | 0094 | 148 | Cancel character |
MW | 0095 | 149 | Message waiting |
| 0096 | 150 | Start of guarded area |
| 0097 | 151 | End of guarded area |
| 0098 | 152 | Start of string |
| 0099 | 153 | Dicadangkan |
| 009A | 154 | Single character introducer |
CSI | 009B | 155 | Control sequence introducer |
ST | 009C | 156 | String terminator |
OSC | 009D | 157 | Operating system command |
PM | 009E | 158 | Privacy message |
APC | 009F | 158 | Application program command |
| 00A0 | 160 | Spasi yang bukan pemisah kata |
¡ | 00A1 | 161 | Tanda seru terbalik |
¢ | 00A2 | 162 | Tanda sen (Cent) |
£ | 00A3 | 163 | Tanda Poundsterling |
¤ | 00A4 | 164 | Tanda mata uang (Currency) |
¥ | 00A5 | 165 | Tanda Yen |
¦ | 00A6 | 166 | Garis tegak putus-putus (broken bar) |
§ | 00A7 | 167 | Section sign |
¨ | 00A8 | 168 | Diaeresis |
© | 00A9 | 169 | Tanda hak cipta (Copyright) |
ª | 00AA | 170 | Feminine ordinal indicator |
« | 00AB | 171 | Left-pointing double angle quotation mark |
¬ | 00AC | 172 | Not sign |
| 00AD | 173 | Tanda strip (hyphen) |
® | 00AE | 174 | Tanda merk terdaftar |
¯ | 00AF | 175 | Macron |
° | 00B0 | 176 | Tanda derajat |
± | 00B1 | 177 | Tanda kurang lebih (plus-minus) |
² | 00B2 | 178 | Tanda kuadrat (pangkat dua) |
³ | 00B3 | 179 | Tanda kubik (pangkat tiga) |
´ | 00B4 | 180 | Acute accent |
µ | 00B5 | 181 | Micro sign |
¶ | 00B6 | 182 | Pilcrow sign |
· | 00B7 | 183 | Middle dot |
BCD Kode
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD or "8421" BCD) numbers are made up using just 4 data bits (a nibble or half a byte) similar to the Hexadecimal numbers we saw in the binary tutorial, but unlike hexadecimal numbers that range in full from 0 through to F, BCD numbers only range from 0 to 9, with the binary number patterns of 1010 through to 1111 (A to F) being invalid inputs for this type of display and so are not used as shown below.
Decimal | Binary Pattern | BCD |
8 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
|
|
Decimal | Binary Pattern | BCD |
8 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Invalid |
11 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Invalid |
12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Invalid |
13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Invalid |
14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Invalid |
15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Invalid |
|
|
|
BCD to 7-Segment Display Decoders
A binary coded decimal (BCD) to 7-segment display decoder such as the TTL 74LS47 or 74LS48, have 4 BCD inputs and 7 output lines, one for each LED segment. This allows a smaller 4-bit binary number (half a byte) to be used to display all the denary numbers from 0 to 9 and by adding two displays together, a full range of numbers from 00 to 99 can be displayed with just a single byte of 8 data bits.
BCD to 7-Segment Decoder
The use of packed BCD allows two BCD digits to be stored within a single byte (8-bits) of data, allowing a single data byte to hold a BCD number in the range of 00 to 99.
An example of the 4-bit BCD input (0100) representing the number 4 is given below.
Example No1
In practice current limiting resistors of about 150Ω to 220Ω would be connected in series between the decoder/driver chip and each LED display segment to limit the maximum current flow. Different display decoders or drivers are available for the different types of display available, e.g. 74LS48 for common-cathode LED types, 74LS47 for common-anode LED types, or the CMOS CD4543 for liquid crystal display (LCD) types.
Liquid crystal displays (LCD´s) have one major advantage over similar LED types in that they consume much less power and nowadays, both LCD and LED displays are combined together to form larger Dot-Matrix Alphanumeric type displays which can show letters and characters as well as numbers in standard Red or Tri-colour outputs.
BCDIC Kode
EBCDIC Kode
ASCII is not the only format in use out there. IBM adopted EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) developed for punched cards in the early 1960s and still uses it on mainframes today. It is probably the next most well known character set due to the proliferation of IBM mainframes. It comes in at least six slightly differing forms, so again here is the most common.
This table presents a programmer's quick reference to the "Baudot" character set.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The code presented here is with reference to usage in the computer industry. The original, true, baudot code differs from that presented below. The following table presents CCITT Alphabet No 2 which was developed from Murray's code which was in turn developed from Baudot's code. Baudot's code was replaced by Murray's code in 1901. And ITA2 replaced both by the early 1930's, so virtually all "teletype" equipment made in the U.S. uses ITA2 or the U.S. national version of the code.
The 'baudot' code has been used extensively in telegraph systems. It is a five bit code invented by the Frenchman Emile Baudot in 1870. Using five bits allowed 32 different characters. To accomodate all the letters of the alphabet and numerals, two of the 32 combinations were used to select alternate character sets. The figures column is valid after a figures shift character has been received. It remains in effect until a letters shift is received, after which the letters column should be referred to (and vice-versa).
Two 'Baudot codes' are in common useage. The first as used in America. The second, used in Europe, is also termed the CCITT Alphabet No. 2. In each, the 'letters' are identical, but the 'figures' differ.
The five-bit words are bracketed by a start bit (space) and a stop bit (mark). Idling is shown by the 'marking' state. Words are transmitted LSB first.
Binary | Decimal | Hex | Octal | Letter | U.S.
Figures | CCITT No.2
Figures |
00000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
00001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | E | 3 | 3 |
00010 | 2 | 2 | 2 | LF | LF | LF |
00011 | 3 | 3 | 3 | A | - | - |
00100 | 4 | 4 | 4 | Space | Space | Space |
00101 | 5 | 5 | 5 | S | BELL | ' |
00110 | 6 | 6 | 6 | I | 8 | 8 |
00111 | 7 | 7 | 7 | U | 7 | 7 |
01000 | 8 | 8 | 10 | CR | CR | CR |
01001 | 9 | 9 | 11 | D | $ | WRU |
01010 | 10 | A | 12 | R | 4 | 4 |
01011 | 11 | B | 13 | J | ' | Bell |
01100 | 12 | C | 14 | N | , | , |
01101 | 13 | D | 15 | F | ! | ! |
01110 | 14 | E | 16 | C | : | : |
01111 | 15 | F | 17 | K | ( | ( |
10000 | 16 | 10 | 20 | T | 5 | 5 |
10001 | 17 | 11 | 21 | Z | " | + |
10010 | 18 | 12 | 22 | L | ) | ) |
10011 | 19 | 13 | 23 | W | 2 | 2 |
10100 | 20 | 14 | 24 | H | # | £ |
10101 | 21 | 15 | 25 | Y | 6 | 6 |
10110 | 22 | 16 | 26 | P | 0 | 0 |
10111 | 23 | 17 | 27 | Q | 1 | 1 |
11000 | 24 | 18 | 30 | O | 9 | 9 |
11001 | 25 | 19 | 31 | B | ? | ? |
11010 | 26 | 1A | 32 | G | & | & |
11011 | 27 | 1B | 33 | Figures Shift | Figures Shift | Figures Shift |
11100 | 28 | 1C | 34 | M | . | . |
11101 | 29 | 1D | 35 | X | / | / |
11110 | 30 | 1E | 36 | V | ; | = |
11111 | 31 | 1F | 37 | Letters Shift | Letters Shift | Letters Shift |